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Cools, a Liberal senator since 1984, crossed to the newly formed Conservative Party in 2004 over her opposition to same-sex marriage legislation. She was the first Black Canadian appointed to the Senate.
Cools served as a Conservative senator until she was removed from caucus in 2007, after which she sat as an independent until retirement in 2018.
Crossing the Floor. (2004). Anne Cools: Liberal to Conservative (2004). Retrieved 2026-04-11, from https://crossingthefloor.ca/crossings/anne-cools-2004
Liberal → Conservative
Same party switch